Animal Testing Should Be Banned - 2061 Words

Animal testing is using non-human animals to be test subjects in an experiment. Scientist use animals to try and help find cures for different diseases and cancers in humans. People are against animal testing because everyday animals are dying in a science lab. The laboratory is a cruel place for a innocent animal. The world should be against animal testing because, Animals are different from humans, it can be wasteful if the experiment does not work, alternatives can be used instead of animals and it is extremely inhumane Animals are in their own specie just like humans are their own speice. Animals being tested is considered animal abuse and people should take a stand against it. If it were humans being abused and tested everyone would be against it. The testing animals are forced to live in extremely small cages for their short life span. Animals lives matter just as much as humans lives matter. Animals have different genetic background that makes them unique from humans and other animals. Animals do not get the same diseases as humans and animals do not get many types of cancers, heart diseases or Alzheimer’s disease. Animals are super unreliable sources because they do not react the same to different types of medicines and chemicals. Putting a disease in an animal is not a way to test a medicine to see if it is going to work. The disease does not naturally happen , so it is not a good representation of the disease . â€Å"Less than two percent of human illnesses areShow MoreRelatedShould Animal Testing Be Banned?844 Words   |  3 PagesShould animal testing be banned? Nowadays, a lot of animals has been tested on a range of experiments over the world. You could be supporting animal teasing cruelty without knowing it. Have you ever check if there’s animal testing on the cosmetics before you buy it? Today, a lot of cosmetics has been testing on helpless animals and there are about 1.4 million animals die each year from animal testing ( CatalanoJ, 1994). Most of the experiments that are completed in the laboratories are very cruelRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned880 Words   |  4 Pagesdepending on animals testing. Therefore, if people talk about laboratories, they should remember animal experiments. Those animals have the right to live, according to people who dislike the idea of doing testing on animals; the other opinion, supports the idea of animal testing as the important part of the source of what has reached medicine of the results and solutions for diseases prevalent in every time and place. Each year huge numbers of animals a re sacrificed for the science all these animals, whetherRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned776 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Testing Should be Banned  ¨Over 100 million animals are burned, crippled, poisioned and abused in US labs every year ¨ ( ¨11 Facts About Animal Testing ¨). Imagine if that was someones animal getting tortured in labs just to test things such as beauty products and perfume. Animal testing was first suggested when,  ¨Charles Darwin evolutionary theory in the mid 1850s also served to suggest that animals could serve as effective models to facilitate biological understanding in humans ¨ (Murnaghan)Read MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned940 Words   |  4 Pages1). Over 100 million animals are burned, crippled, poisoned, and abused in US labs every year. 2). 92% of experimental drugs that are safe and effective in animals fail in human clinical trials. (DoSomething â€Å"11 Facts About Animal Testing†). There are currently no laws combating the testing of cosmetics on animals, but the practice is harmful and must be ended. As evidenced by the statistics above, millions of animals are tortured and murdered in the United States every year for virtually no reasonRead MoreShould Animal Testing Be Banned?1665 Words   |  7 PagesTesting Cosmetics on Animals Companies around the world use animals to test cosmetics. Animals, such as rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, rats, and mice, are used to test the effects of chemicals on the eyes and skin. While animal testing is not mandatory, many companies use it. About Cosmetics Animal Testing by the Humane Society International talks about the different options companies have that do not require the cruel use and eventual death of animals. The article also talks about the overallRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1572 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal Testing Every year, over two hundred million innocent animals are injured or killed in scientific experiments across the world. Of those animals, between seventeen and twenty million are used in the United States alone. It is said that an animal dies in a laboratory every three seconds (Animal Testing 101). Those in favor of animal experimentation say they are taking animals’ lives to save humans. It is not necessary to subject animals to torturous conditions or painful experiments in theRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1581 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal testing is being used by different organizations all over the world to prevent specific diseases, especially cancer. Americans see animal testing having a harmful effect but it is one of the main reasons why society has most cures for some illnesses. This topic is important because people need to know what goes on during animal testing and why it is very beneficial. Animal testing needs to be used to find all cures. Some ani mals such as chimps/ monkeys have 90% of the same DNA humans haveRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1721 Words   |  7 Pages † Today, more animals are being used in experiments than ever before: around 100 million in the United States alone† (3). Animal testing is now an international issue, and it is becoming a major story. Currently, animals are often used in medical testing, make-up testing, and other consumer product testing. Animals used in such product testing are often abused and suffer from serious side-effects. Animal testing can be painful for the animals, testing results are usually not even useable forRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned1364 Words   |  6 Pagesbenefit. Using animals for these experimentations usually does not come to mind. Animals are often abused, suffer, and even die during laboratory testing for the benefits of people to make sure medications, household products, newest procedures, and cosmetics are safe and effective for human use. Humans have benefited from animal testing for years while these animals suffer consequences with no positive outcomes for themselves. Even if a product or procedure is deemed successful, these animals are frequentlyRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned Essay1632 Words   |  7 Pages Animal Testing Should Be Banned Throughout the decades, animals have been used in medical research to test the safety of cosmetics including makeup, hair products, soaps, perfume, and countless of other products. Animals have also been used to test antibiotics and other medicines to eliminate any potential risks that they could cause to humans. The number of animals worldwide that are used in laboratory experiments yearly exceeds 115 million animals. Unfortunately, only a small percentage of

Banning Animals Should Not Be Tested Essay - 1307 Words

Taylor Miller Klinge English 101 3 November 2016 Putting an End to Animal Testing Utilizing animals as a part of research and to test the safety of items has been a subject of intense arguments for a considerable length of time. Individuals have distinctive affections for animals; numerous look upon animals as partners while others see animals as a methods for propelling medical research or encouraging exploratory research. However people see animals, the reality remains that animals are being misused by research offices and cosmetic organizations across the nation and all around the globe. In spite of the fact that people frequently benefit from effective animal research, the agony, the suffering, and the death of animals are not worth the hypothetical benefits for humans. Thus, animals should not be tested on for product safety or research. To begin with, animals rights are abused when they are utilized as a part of research. Animals and individuals are similar in numerous ways; they both feel, think, act on, and encounter torment. Therefore, animals should be treated with the same dignity as people. However animals rights are disregarded when they are utilized as a part of research since they are not given a decision. Animals are subjected to tests that are again and again agonizing or cause lasting harm or even death, and they are never given the alternative of not taking part in the experiment. Animals don t freely give themselves up for the progression ofShow MoreRelatedAnimals for Research and Experimentation678 Words   |  3 Pages100 million animals are used for research and experimentation on around the world every year. Apart from all the benefits of animal testing there are many good reasons which support banning the experimentations on animals such as: animal cruelty, selfishness, and danger of using the experiments result. Therefore animal experimentation should be banned. These days, animal testing has brought a lot of issues in the society. The first and foremost argument that is presented against animal testing dealsRead MoreAnimal Cruelty And Animal Abuse1572 Words   |  7 PagesIII. LITERATURE REVIEW 5 China, US and the EU 5 A. Research Connections to Animal Cruelty and Abuse 6 B. Alternatives to Animal Testing 6 IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 7 V. REFERENCES 8 â€Æ' I. INTRODUCTION The abuse and cruelty by humans towards animals have been on the rise as producers and retailers of cosmetics and drugs rush to position their products in the global markets. Scientific tests remain a leading player in animal abuse, especially due to the controlled environment while being experimentedRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned776 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Testing Should be Banned  ¨Over 100 million animals are burned, crippled, poisioned and abused in US labs every year ¨ ( ¨11 Facts About Animal Testing ¨). Imagine if that was someones animal getting tortured in labs just to test things such as beauty products and perfume. Animal testing was first suggested when,  ¨Charles Darwin evolutionary theory in the mid 1850s also served to suggest that animals could serve as effective models to facilitate biological understanding in humans ¨ (Murnaghan)Read MoreThe Use Of Research On Cosmetics And Its Effects On Society1604 Words   |  7 PagesBlinded by Beauty On average, 26 million animals are used every year for the use of research on cosmetics. These tests should be banned for many obvious reasons such as it is clearly cruel and inhumane, they cost more than alternative methods, and they do not predict an accurate result due to the anatomical differences. Animals are being unfairly tortured and killed for research on ingredients that people are unknowingly using in their everyday lives. Here’s an important question to consider;Read MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned848 Words   |  4 Pages As a society we have failed to notice, it’s everywhere. The animal testing footprint. Aeroguard, Chapstick, Michael Kors, Palmolive and Dettol: these common household brands all have the dark footprints of animal experimentation embedded into it. Each year over 6.5 million animals are brutally tested, killed or harmed in Australia and New Zealand, for many brands across the nation. You may think that Animal Testing has nothing to do with you but the real truth is, it does. It’s unavoidable toRead MoreThe Importance Of Animal Testing857 Words   |  4 Pagescomes to animal testing. A considerable amount of people believe that examinations should be banned, others think it should be continued. According to NCBI, animals have been utilized repeatedly since 384 BC. This disagreement has been debated since before the 1920’s and is still continuing. The main opposing point of animal examinations, is the extent of the experiment used on the animal. But, if scientists did not take part in animal testing, humans safety would be in danger. Although animals shouldRead MoreEach Year, More Than 100 Million Animals Including Rats,1343 Words   |  6 PagesEach year, more than 100 million animals including rats, mice, fish, cats, hamsters, and birds are killed in U.S. laboratories. The reasons behind the killings of these innocent animals are for biology lessons, medical training, drug, food, and cosmetics testing. Animals are used to test commercial products as well as scientific developments. Using animals to test the safety of products and in research has been a topic of debate for years and it will continue for many more years if it does not comeRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned1603 Words   |  7 Pages Animal Testing Animal testing is conducted every day for scientific research. About twenty-five million animals participate in experiments annually. These tests occur in order to determine how chemicals or products can affect a human body. Although the use of the animals has advanced scientific research, there is a worldwide debate on the belief that the use of animals in experiments is immoral. The US government did not require animal testing until a drug, elixir sulfanilamide, was put into certainRead MoreEssay About Breed-Specific Legislation1166 Words   |  5 Pagesaggression and violent behavior than other dog breeds, despite extensive research showing that there is no correlation between a dog’s breed and its inclination towards aggression. All dogs have the ability to be aggressive and cause harm to another animal or human, regardless of breed. This could also be having a negative effect on the Pit bulls and Rottweilers within the city because they may not be getting enough exercis e and socialization, which is not good for their physical or mental health. ARead MoreThe Moral Issue Of Vivisection1695 Words   |  7 Pagesmakeup, and medicines have more than likely been tested on an animal in a laboratory before being available for human consumption. These animals suffer greatly and live lives of isolation and torture. They endure cruel treatment all in the name of scientific research. Many people believe that these tests are necessary to discover cures for human illnesses. This is simply not the case. There is a large amount of research that indicates that animal experiments often lacks validity and do not stand

Nomads in Rajasthan

Question: Are nomads marginalized citizens in Rajasthan, India? Answer: Introduction Nomads are a group of communities travelling from one place to other place for their livelihood and existence. Nomadic tribes are always highlighted as the source of suspicion to ssedentary people. The total number of nomad population in India is 80 million people, contributing about 7 % of Indias population. In Rajasthan, there are near about two dozen nomad communities, which mainly include Gadiya Luhar, Bhopa, Bawariya and Banjara. Most of these communities have inherited their present professional life rather than earning it. For instance, Banjaras are nomad traders of Rajasthan dealing with salt and multani mitti, whereas the tribe Gadiya Luhar of Rajasthan is engaged in repairing tools and utensils (Dyer, 2012). On the other hand, a community like Bawariya spends their life by only hunting wild animals. Probably the most interesting occupation is possessed by the Nat tribe of this particular territory as they perform acrobatics in village fair. The community of Bhopa on the oth er side is known as worshipers of Pabuji as they are believed to have sacred rites. A number of policies have been developed for these migrants wellbeing as seemingly their professional aspects have relatively less prospects. Nomadic Communities and Ctizenship Questions in Rajasthan or The Citizenship Status of Nomads Nomads are un-rooted communities, who move from one place to other, seeking their livelihood. Due to changing socio-economic face of society, nomads lifestyle has become under strain progressively. It is unfortunate that instead of Rajasthan governments initiatives for settling them down, the Banjaras did not settle down and moved away by selling their plots. The vulnerable citizenship of the Nomads of Rajasthan has been exacerbated by the Rajasthan governments failure in providing proper infrastructure and land holding facilities for protecting their individual tenure. Moreover, their lack of having convenient legal status is supposed to be the potential cause behind their inadequate accessibilities to some of the basic amenities like land, road and water. It is unfortunate to denote that similarly like other suffering tribal communities of India, nomads of Rajasthan are still being deprived by not having legal recognition as indigenous or aboriginal tribes. It is the responsibility of developing societies to establish the citizenship rights of deprived citizenry (Xavier, 2012). Lack of recognition of their rights and identities by Rajasthans officials and agencies enhanced their feeling of exclusion. It has been highlighted that their perceived lack of loyalty towards the state or nation, where they reside is the reason for undermining their request for citizenship. It is unfortunate that Rajasthan state governments ministry of social and tribal welfare could not have accomplished their nodal responsibility of advancing the educational, economic and socio-cultural growth of the nomads. Their excessive mobility has been delegitimized their right of getting citizenship by political powers. Nomads are considered as illegitimate outsiders in the nation and their cross-border movement is classified as destructive force to be controlled or restricted (Grenet, 2012). Identity Crisis: Reflected in Ration Cards, Voter Cards and Birth Certificates As a result of their excessive mobility the entire population of Indian nomads is facing identity crisis. The main reason behind the identity crisis among the nomads of Rajasthan is most of the time the state government shows reluctance to provide accurate access to several rights as the parliament possesses misconception and misjudgments about them (Bhukya, 2012). It has been identified by numerous researches that government along with the common society of Rajasthan neglects the nomads as per their pattern of living does not match with the ideal pattern of the normal inhabitants. Most unfortunately, the nomads are insulted on a national level by not having legal identities for being regarded as untouchables several times. It is to contemplate in this regard that the misjudgment of the Rajasthan government has given birth to huge identical crisis in the lives of the nomads in terms of having legal certificates like ration, voter cards or even birth certificates. It is unfortunate th at whenever they seek or apply for a voter card they have to face some basic questions such as what is the purpose for having a voter ID, when they are even not in government files. Apart from their key issue of social discrimination, arbitrary arrests, detentions, human right violations, amenities; Rajasthan nomads status can be visualized by their no ration or voter card or any other documentation to prove their identity, as a result they are not registered or qualified for any developmental programs pursued by government. To improve their status, Rajasthan government needs collective action against exclusion for accessing available resources for their welfare. Education and Poverty in Nomads A survey conducted by Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) revealed that 75 % tribal children in 22 districts of Rajasthan lagging behind other states in terms of education. In case of tribal girls, they are not enrolling to schools, thereby lowering the education level in the population. The data found 75% drop out of boys in 4th or 5th standard (homegrown.co.in, 2016). Key reasons behind poor educational standard was lack of awareness about the need for education and the traditional pattern of sending children in their traditional work. Singh (2012) revealed that in case of official education, nomads are complete failure. However, to thrive over a dry land, nomads are performing and experiencing their traditional education. Education programs oppose nomadic tradition and culture. It has been revealed that education programs are affecting the specific goals and needs of the tribe, affecting their principles, approach of solving a problem and evaluation paradigms. Povert y is a notable reason behind poor quality education in the Indian nomads. Nomads are residing in poverty and struggle for meeting their daily basic needs including shelter, food and clothes. These are homeless population, thus, they have to reside where they travels for livelihood. The lack of proper placement is another reason for their poverty. They also do not have basic civic amenities regarding safe drinking water, electricity and water. In case of nomads in Rajasthan, lack of supply of water is a major factor affecting their livelihood. On the other hand, food includes a huge part if their meager income (Soharwardi, Ali Nasir, 2012). Nomadic women are homemakers and do not seek for jobs, which bear double burden of poverty and deprivation. Experiencing economic ad survival compulsions, they started to camp near or within village. Very Low Public and Political Profile As per the reports made by the National convention, nomads of Rajasthan possess unimpressive public and political profile due to having lack of support from the Rajasthan government. It is true as per the fact that nomads of this particular state are still running with extreme illiteracy, superstition, child marriage, migratory lifestyle, drug abuse and scarcity of civic amenities. More specifically, one nomad tribe in Rajasthan, the Bawariyas were known as criminals, due to their core job, wild animal hunting and their past history (Singh Singh, 2016). After passing the Wildlife Protection Act 1972, their key resource of livelihood became punishable by law. They have been criminalized from their birth. However, due to the nomads different pattern of lifestyle as misjudged by the Rajasthan government, the tribal communities of Rajasthan do not get their identity proof like ration or voter card. All of the above factors are indicating their low public and political profile. On the ot her side, tribal communities like Bhopa, Nat are facing crucial juncture as their ground of occupation is being limited with each passing day. Visibly, the state government of Rajasthan holds lack of policies for performance of acrobats, which is forcing these tribes to get adapted in the urban lifestyle. Government Policies for Nomads Settlements Government and non-government organizations are undertaking policy initiatives for settlement of nomads. However, legal aid, which is pivotal for marginalized communities, is not accessible to nomad population. The Muktidhara Sansthan (MDS) is helping the population by providing direct legal services, by reducing their inaccessibility like accessing bail funds, protecting them from illegal custody cases, human right violation and harassment cases by writ petition. Rajasthan government has noted that there are 602 hostels in the state for supporting senior secondary students, within which 30 hostels are exclusively for the nomadic and denotified students (Sikdar, 2012). In addition, state government provides pre-matric and post-matric scholarship for students. A special integrated scheme for house-cum-shop is being implemented, which can support the poor nomad population to purchase raw material for manufacturing equipments and agricultural needs. Dilemma Between Continuing with Nomadism and Being Educated As described earlier, there is a contradiction between education and continuing with Nomadian existing traditions. Nomads are facing significant dilemma regarding education It has been revealed that the leaders in these nomad groups admire the need for social education in both males and females, but it has been observed that a huge number of drop outs are there in the community, whereas no enrollment for girls at all. In this community, children experiencing school level education would seek employment out of their community and no longer engaged with their traditional job, animal husbandry an treat it as their only livelihood option, as this job include loneliness and do not need literacy (Mehra, Bali Arora, 2012). It has also been observed that tribal girls no longer agree to marry the boy she was engaged to, as they desire higher career. Scholarly Valuation From the above analysis, it has been identified that the nomad population in Rajasthan, India is at the edge of marginalization. More vigorous strategies needed for their settlement, while respecting their culture and source of livelihood. The study shows that each of the nomad communities holds specific qualities, which are largely being neglected by the authoritative bodies of the state. Hence, it could be underpinned that Rajasthans government requires prioritizing on mitigating the issue of illiteracy and child marriage related to most of the nomad tradition. At the same time, the government needs to promote the age-old, authentic occupational traditions related to these groups. Reference List Bhukya, B. (2012). Colonialism and its Nomads in South India. Dyer, C. (2012). Formal education and pastoralism in western India: inclusion, or adverse incorporation?. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 42(2), 259-281. Gandhi, M. (2012). Education a means for development: india's experience with right to education of denotified communities (with special reference to andhra pradesh). Journal of Educational Review, 5(4). Grenet, F. (2012). The Nomadic Element in the Kushan Empire (1st3rd Century AD). Journal of Central Eurasian Studies, 3, 1-22. homegrown.co.in,. (2016). Meet The So-Called Criminal Bawariyas Of Rajasthan, A Tribe Thats Been Ignored For Too Long. Homegrown. Retrieved 18 November 2016, from https://homegrown.co.in/meet-the-so-called-criminal-bawariyas-of-rajasthan-whose-story-isnt-heard-enough/ Mehra, A., Bali, U., Arora, N. (2012). Quality of Primary Education in India: An Inter-state Perspective. Journal of Social Science Research, 2(1), 91-101. Sikdar, M. (2012). Socioeconomic covariates and their impact on the opportunity for natural selection in a riparian tribe of Northeast India. Anthropologischer Anzeiger, 69(3), 273-287. Singh, N. K. (2012). Management in Ancient India. In Eastern and Cross Cultural Management (pp. 13-18). Springer India. Singh, S., Singh, D. (2016). Envirnmental migration of cattle: an inevitable way of survival for some of nomadic communities of western rajasthan-a study with special reference to haryana. Global Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 5(2). Soharwardi, M. A., Ali, K., Nasir, J. A. (2012). Econometric analysis of income of nomads in irrigated areas of cholistan desert. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences, 2(1), 159-176. Xavier, M. S. (2012). Impact of Acculturation on Traditional Material Culure: A Study of Lambada Tribes in Andhra Pradesh, India. International Journal of Social Science Tomorrow, 1(6), 1-8.

Organizational Structure Achieve Marketing Objectives Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Structure Achieve Marketing Objectives. Answer: Introduction The relationship between the management department in an organization is defined by the management approaches and systems that are developed by the organizational management. The term management is defined as the process coordinating, controlling, planning and organizing the organization activities to ensure that the organization is moving towards achieving it set goals and objectives. The decisional making process in an organization is explained to be relevant when the top management of an entity critically coordinate, plan, control and organize the organizational primary activities. Therefore, the organizational management has a critical role to play while ensuring that they meet all stakeholders interest before reaching out to them based on decisions and judgment they make. The study will analyze the management context of Wesfarmers with regard to the business activities and operations. Wesfarmers Limited is an international company with its main headquarters in Perth, Australia, this company is mainly operating in Australia and New Zealand markets. The company deals with the production of chemicals, coal mining, safety products and fertilizers. In 2016, Wesfarmers Limited is noted be ranked at the first position as per the revenue earning, during the year the company was in the top with a revenue of AU$65.98 billion followed by Woolworths and BHB Billiton companies consecutively(Datamonitor (Firm), 2000). Wesfarmers Limited is categorized as the largest employer in the Australia, in 2016 the company total employees were over 205, 000. The mission of the company is To provide satisfactory returns to the shareholders through financial discipline and exceptional management of a diversified portfolio of businesses. The organization missions and visions are achieved by the strong management capability to be accountable in promoting strategic development and strategic execution. Wesfarmers Limited aims to meet the market demands by providing goods and services which are based on professionals as well as the competitive foundation(Biddle, 2016). Wesfarmers is trying to maintain a sustainable business relationship with its stakeholders, they also intend to provide and ensure that employees are working in a good workplace where they can operate with limited limiting factors(Bryman Bell, 2015). The organization management is also focusing on implementing on the motivational strategic approach, the company intends to award employees for their good and outstanding performance, employees are also encouraged to take advantage of the organization program of introducing them to the business opportunities, this is also one way of motivating them. By motivating employees, their performance will improve and they will aid in the increment in the overall performance of the organization where productivity will also increase(Champoux, 2016). The corporate governance of Wesfarmers Limited is containing the system rules, practices as well as the process which are used to direct and controlled the organization. According to Wesfarmers Limited 2016 annual report, the company is proud of the systemic approach to governance, which has contributed to coherent relationship between stakeholders and shareholder of the company(Wagner III Hollenbeck, 2014). The company top management is the primary advocates of corporate governance, they are committed to providing satisfactory returns to the company shareholder as they perform to promote the corporate governance of the company to the level of interest of shareholders(Fan, Wong, Zhang, 2013). Wesfarmers Limited have complied with the rules and regulation policies instigated by ASX Corporate Governance Council's Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations. Wesfarmers Limited is dedicated to certifying that the competition between the board of directors is constituted as part of company strategic approach to accomplishment of goals and objectives. This implies that the company is encouraging that individual who have enough knowledge, skills, expertise, experience and diversity while making the decision relating to the company business activities(Goetsch Davis, 2014). However, the company is committed to ensuring that all business activities carried out in every section are complying with the laws and regulations of any country it operates. They also focus in ensure that promote ethical business activities by acting as an example in the market, they operate under the impact of their corporate values of governance that comprise honesty, integrity, fairness, and respec(Ferrell Fraedrich, 2015). Knowledge management and E-commerce Knowledge management and e-commerce are the critical management approach which is important to any business organization. The purpose of focusing on knowledge management and e-commerce implementation is to ensure that the business enterprise is at the top level of competitive markets. Knowledge management is the defined as the systemic management of an enterprise knowledge assets with the aim of creating values as well as meeting the tactical and strategic management approach(Jeston Nelis, 2014). It comprises the essentials of initiatives, process, systems and the strategies that are used to ascertain the storage, sharing, enhancement and creation of relevant knowledge to the organization. E-commerce on the other hand in defined as the process of buying and selling of goods and services, transmitting the fund and data electronic network. E-commerce implies that the business transactions can occur as either business to customer, consumer to business or business-to-business(Cameron, S ayers, Sacks, Thornt, 2015). According to Caitlin and Fitzsimmons Wesfarmers Limited advocated its stakeholders, especially its operating units to implement the digital organization operations. This proposal was done by the top organization management was also proposed in the year 2003 but it lacks implementation process due to lack of enough digital and e-commerce knowledge. The research indicates that Wesfarmers Limited could increase its profits and revenues by $ 1 billion during 2014 financial report. Currently, the company has focus to meet the demand of the competitive market by ensuring that they implement involve their retail activities with the e-commerce services(Fitzsimmons, 2013). With the systemic knowledge management, the company says that most of it business activities and units are already having digital platforms, for instance, Coles is now trailing on the Mobile Wallet which is a digital payment system, this system allow customers to pay for their groceries using their mobile phones rather than using their cards or cash(Pfaff, 2016). One of the advantages of digital and e-commerce strategies is that they enhance better data analysis, this acts as the critical element while making decisions relating to the company operations. It also reduces the cost of operation in different section of Wesfarmers Limited(Small, Bailey, Lydon, Davern, 2013). Wesfarmers Limited is operating in a diverse market, according to Lin 2013; the environmental factors could directly affect the activities of a business organization. PESTEL analysis tool I used to elaborate on the different macro environment that the company operates. The PESTEL analysis tool analyzes six critical factors that affect the operations of a company, these factors includes political, economic, social, technological environmental and legal factors(Rothaermel, 2015). The Australian Federal government has established the essential frameworks that regulate the mining process. The exploitation of natural resources are controlled by the laws that are instigated by the federal government of Australia, this limits the company from extensive exploitation of the coals minerals(Limited, Wesfarmers Premier Coal, 2015). The economic factor comprises aspect that affects the organization financial overview, for instance, the global economic recession. Due to the global economic recession the Wesfarmers supermarket and mining activities were affected, where unemployment was a big deal to the company management. Employees turn over lead to decrease of company revenues(Lee, , Kozlenkova, Palmatier, 2015). It is a normal culture for a family in Australia to spend a lot of money in the supermarkets. Coles supermarkets are positively reaping from the families who spend more money in the supermarkets. Wesfarmers Limited sales product and services that are socially acceptable to the consumers. They sell their products and services by considering the social factor of consumers in the market(Champoux, 2016). Australia is one of the world best mining countries, the country is the best in mining resources using new technological innovations. The mining companies in the country use the most advanced technology, products, equipment and services to promote creativity and ensure that they minimize the waste of minerals and protects the environment. Wesfarmers Limited have diversified activities of mining coal, energy, chemical and fertilizers and industrial to use new and advance technology. The environmental factors are considered to be changed in weather and climate. The research indicates that major climatic changes happen due to the effects of the global warming. According to the environment protection act of 1974, any organization should ensure that they make decision that complies with the environmental rules and regulations. Stakeholders such as government relevant department are also encouraged to work with the Wesfarmers Limited while protecting the environment. The research indicates that the environment protection act of 1974 is necessarily advocated to regulate the business coal mining, it is also enacted to promote the uniform safety of the employees in an organization(Chang, Yeh, Liu, 2015). The Australia legal system and process are considered to be sound and relevant to regulate the operation of business organizations. The legal frameworks include labor law, environmental law, natural resources law and various business laws. These laws and legal system provide Wesfarmers Limited criteria to operate in the market(Chang, Yeh, Liu, 2015). Conclusion Wesfarmers Limited is a company that operates many business activities that ranges from industrial, fertilizer, chemical, retail services and supermarket. The company management context is elaborated by analyzing the critical management aspects which are relevant to the organization. Knowledge management and E-commerce are the issues that reflects the extend and degree which the top management have installed while managing the organization. On the other hand, PESTEL strategic management tool is presented to display the environment at which the company operates. References Biddle, I. (2016). The Wesfarmers/Woolworths duopoly war: The Bunnings vs. Masters battle. Busidate,. Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2015). Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Cameron, A. J., Sayers, S. J., Sacks, G., Thornt. (2015). Do the foods advertised in Australian supermarket catalogues reflect national dietary guidelines?. Health promotion international, dav089. Champoux, J. E. (2016). Organizational behavior: Integrating individuals, groups, and organizations. . Routledge. Chang, D. S., Yeh, L. T., Liu, W. (2015). Incorporating the carbon footprint to measure industry context and energy consumption effect on environmental performance of business operations. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, (Vol. 17). Datamonitor (Firm). (2000). Wesfarmers Limited. New York, NY:: Datamonitor. Fan, J. P., Wong, T. J., Zhang, T. (2013). Institutions and organizational structure: The case of state-owned corporate pyramids. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 29(6), 1217-1252. Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J. (2015). Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Fitzsimmons, C. (2013, April 26). FIANANCIAL OVERVIEW. Retrieved from Wesfarmers gets serious about digital targets: https://www.afr.com/technology/wesfarmers-gets-serious-about-digital-targets-20130426-jyj4o Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014). Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River: NJ: pearson. Jeston, J., Nelis, J. (2014). Business process management. . Routledge. Lee, , J. Y., Kozlenkova, L. V., Palmatier, R. W. (2015). Structural marketing: using organizational structure to achieve marketing objectives. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,, 43(1), 73-99. Limited, Wesfarmers Premier Coal. (2003). 50 years of powering Western Australia: From Western Colleries to Wesfarmers Coal. Collie, W.A: Wesfarmers Premier Coal. Pfaff, B. (2016). Financial risk modelling and portfolio optimization with R. John Wiley Sons. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015). Strategic management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Small, M. N., Bailey, T. P., Lydon, M. Y., Davern, T. (2013). Best practice fleet management and priority actions. ACRS.

SWOT Analysis for Harly Davenson

Effectiveness of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security

Effectiveness of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Assessment of the Organization and Effectiveness of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Homeland security polices involve organization of the activities in all social spheres to detect, protect, and respond to the domestic attacks, including 9/11. Within the context of the National Strategy for Homeland Security, the mission of the department is defined as a â€Å"concentrated national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce America’s vulnerability to terrorism, and recover from and minimize the damage of attacks that do occur† (Kamien, 2005b, p. xli).Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Effectiveness of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Department of Homeland Security organized activities into six critical mission areas, including intelligence and warming, border and transportation security, domestic counterterrorism, protec ting critical infrastructures, protecting against catastrophic threats, and emergency preparedness and response. All these areas involve specific agencies and administrations that take greater control of specific fields of social activities to ensure security, protection, and prevention. Under the auspices of the department, such agencies as the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Transportation Security Administration (TSA), and many other areas work on analysis, prediction, and prevention of all possible hazards within and outside the United States. Specifically, the FEMA aims to organize, plan, and coordinate available resource for mitigating and responding to the effects of natural and man-made risks (Kamien, 2005b). The TSA is also an important element in the security framework because it monitors seaports, airports, highways, railroads, and pipelines that ensure safety movement of people and goods within and out of the country (Kamien, 2005b). This sector is of special attention because it is closely associated with global transport infrastructure. The Homeland Security Infrastructure successfully applies a multi-dimensional approach to protecting and introducing prevention measures and responses to outside and inside threats. Despite the total coverage, there are still gaps that need to be fulfilled to enhance the security and reduce the risk of terrorist attacks. Specific attention should be given to agricultural/food sectors which are considered within a broader context of domestic counterterrorism. Biological weapon and foodborne diseases can constitute a serious threat to the safety and health of the nation and, therefore, the Department of Homeland Security should consider this issue in more detail. In addition, the agencies should focus both on various types of terrorist weapons and on the areas that could be affected seriously. Overseas combating terrorism is also among the most important natural strategies initiated by the Department of Homeland Security. Regarding the scheme under which the terrorism combating occurs. The problem is that the National Strategies address too generalized issues while encountering terrorist threats and hazards.Advertising Looking for coursework on homeland security? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There should be a more consistent and specific approach to the areas that need particular attention. Much concern should be connected with diagnosing and predicting, as well as constant overview of possible measures that could improve the protection systems. Constant control and innovation is the major source of facing terrorist attacks. Threats and Issues Pertaining Cyber terrorism The issue of cyber security has now been on the agenda of the Department of Homeland Security for many reasons. First, the technological advances and popularity of web space have increased the computer-literate population. The spread of â€Å"hac ker† tools complicated the tasks of the security agencies in terms of development of effective software and hardware that would reduce and eliminate the access to the confidential information (Moteff, 2010). In response to the treat, the Clinton Administration planned to establish a Federal Intrusion Detection Network that could meet the goals of the Homeland Security Department (Moteff, 2010). During the Bush administration, the intense focus on cyber security occurred due to the 9/11 events, due to the mission to introduce a separate unit that would protect and monitor the recent challenges and problems in the sphere. Cyber security significantly differs from the purpose of protecting the nation from cyber crimes in terms of objectives that are purposes by the initiators of cyber terrorist attacks. Specifically, cyber crime cover much more general categories and that cause different outcomes for the security of the U.S. nation (Moteff, 2010). Specific attention should be pai d on the developing a new agency and framework that would be responsible for cyber security activities and policies. The legislation and regulations introduced by the Obama Administration have enhanced cyber security and have contributed to the development of cyber infrastructures that were particularly interested in considering the challenges being critical to the safety of the nation. According to U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2009), â€Å"the use of innovative technology and interconnected networks in operations improves productivity and efficiency, but also increases the Nation’s vulnerability to cyber threats† (p. 12). Therefore, lack of awareness in the malicious factors that trigger attacks against the virtual infrastructure can lead to quick spread of debilitating effect. Therefore, the current and the main objective of the agencies responsibility for cyber space should ensure that the information flow within the nation is properly controlled and monito red.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Effectiveness of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The development of policies enhancing protection of the cyber space is quite challenging because of the interdependent and interconnected nature of Infrastructure Resource Center. In order to meet the goals, the main purpose of the Department of Homeland security is to introduce effective measure that would sufficiently address the consequences of outside influences, as well as provide effective response to the emerged contingencies. In this respect, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2009) has introduced a consistent plan that touches upon the safety of important assets, networks, and system operating in Canada and Mexico and creating possible threats to the welfare of the nation. In particular, functionality, planning, and coordination should be among the core approaches of im proving the protection and prevention mechanisms. Vulnerabilities, Threats, Hazards, and Challenges Regarding Port and Cargo Security The post 9/11 event produces another potential attention to the carrier systems and cargo transportation in airports, and seaports. Such sectors as aviation and maritime have become the major focus of protection due to the increased vulnerability and threats. The major challenge in aviation is connected to the open and distribution of entry points both inside and outside the country, which makes it difficult to protect (The White House, 2003). Moreover, the main aspects of the aviation infrastructure constitute the major focus of the terrorist targets because they can become potential weapon for terrorist attack. There are many other potential hazards for aviation, including volume, limited capabilities, and time-sensitive cargo, accessibility, and aspects of security confronting accessibility. To meet the threats experienced in the aviation sphere, t he Homeland Department National Strategies has decided to identify interdependencies and vulnerabilities that could present the major threat in all possible spheres (The White House, 2003). Survey of manufacture, industrial, and production spheres in aviation are under the major focus. The points of accessibility should also be tightened in terms of security so as to reduce the availability of entrance areas in airport (The White House, 2003; Kamien, 2005a). Operations and coordination centers should not be available as well. Cargo screening capabilities and detection technologies should also be improved constantly. Railroad challenges should also be considered carefully to limit the threats of terrorist intrusion. The National Strategy, therefore, gives especial attention to the complicated network of railroad routes, which makes it difficult to ensure availability of security measures (The White House, 2003). In particular, the threat of specific train materials, including freight and transportation security, as well as lack of effective information exchange between the managers of the transportation sector can increase the probability of terrorist attacks. Transportation of marketing car container is another challenge that needs especial consideration. This is of particular concern to the emergency response mechanisms that are not developed extensively.Advertising Looking for coursework on homeland security? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Highways and public transport have also been the major concern because of lack of sufficient security system that would take control of the passengers. Therefore, this field is the least protected among all types of transportation systems. The routes that include tunnels and bridges are also under the major risk of intrusion (The White House, 2003). These areas should be monitored by the public transportation officials to prevent the possibility of intrusion. Because pipelines are part of industrial and public service system, no specific unit is responsible for this sector. In fact, any damage to pipelines can lead to negative consequences in many spheres of control. Because pipelines are attributes of differential industrial networks, the distribution of stakeholder prevent the government to take sufficient control of the safety measures. In order to prevent the described risk, it is reasonable to introduce a common unit for controlling the industrial pipelines that are owned by va rious stakeholders. Introduction of common standards of checking is also another approach that has been implementing by Homeland Security. Appropriate Roles and Responsibilities of the Federal, State, and Local Government and the Private Sector Respectively, in Terms of Security for Critical Infrastructure Key Resources The U. S. social, economic, and political infrastructure is complex and multi-facet and, therefore, it is difficult for both state and federal government to take control of the public sectors. Greatest vulnerability can experience such spheres as food industry, public places of food consumptions, including care and restaurant networks, as well as food markets. The Centre for the Disease and Control can experience significant hazards because of debilitating influences on economic and social infrastructure as a result of the identified gaps. Michel-Kerjan (2003) argue that private sectors lack sufficient degree of collective preparedness, which is especially essential after the 9/11 events. Therefore, terrorist attacks are oriented on the private sectors that are out of the attention of the government to generate fear and deterrence among the population. Previous experience reveals that use of separate elements in combination with larger social networks can be used to generate terrorist attacks because there is a bad interaction and connection (Michel-Kerjan, 2003). Therefore, the government at regional and national level should enhance their cooperation and interaction to be able to react immediately to emerged contingencies, as well as to predict any possible threats the welfare of the U.S. nation. Most of the resources used by the government are not used properly to address the needs of successful infrastructure cooperation. There should be an equal distribution of forces, responsibilities, and duties to coordinate actions and introduce a powerful protection mechanism. Specifically, the main mission of the Homeland Security is to ensure proper cooperation of local, tribal and national governments, as well as private sector administration to remove control deficiency (Department of Homeland Security, 2010). Lack of interconnected response to threat is among the main vulnerabilities that the President Administration should address first. The establishment of relations between public and private sectors is also important for working effective protection strategies. Despite the effective diagnosing and prediction of challenges and threats, there are still areas that need to be addressed. Specific attention should be paid to equal distribution of control between the identified sectors because prevalence of one over another will not ensure successful cooperation (Department of Homeland Security, 2010). Therefore, there should be balance struck between local government initiatives and the legislature and protection schemes issued by the federal and state administration. Specific attentions should be paid to decision-sharing pro cess and problem identification. Overall, the overall protection and prevention techniques that were previously developed will work much better in case they are enacted in cooperation of private and public sectors. These operations could also be enhanced in case much concern will be given to the private areas where separate elements of a network should be in accord with other elements relating to much greater infrastructures. Threats and Vulnerabilities Affecting Agriculture/Food Sector Foodborne illnesses are among the major threats that can be used as a biological weapon for terrorist attacks. This is of particular concern to seafood, poultry, eggs and other perishable goods that should undergo strict control and adherence to food standards. The problem is that there no strict standards that could be applied equally to all products irrespective of region and place of delivery. Imported goods should be of special concerns because there are differences between the food standards at home and abroad (DeWaal and Barlow, 2004). In order to prevent the hazards, the government should be more concerned with the development of international standards that would correspond with global standards and that would provide a safer ground for food distribution. Lack of facilities for inspecting and checking food for quality is also a serious problem that needs to be addressed immediately. The local governments should creative an extensive network. Lack of laboratories and relevant technologies does not contribute to the security of the U.S. citizens because of the lack of cooperation between public and private institutions. The second step that need to be considered is poor work of reporting and surveillance systems (DeWaal and Barlow, 2004). Despite the good and cooperative work of investigation networks, the information received is not properly distribution for further analysis and, therefore, the government fails to implement to corresponding measures. In order to avoid th is program, the government should implement a specific legislature that would regulate transparent reporting. This area of reporting should not be confidential because the public awareness should be informed about possible threats of consuming various food products. Monitoring of food-poisoning outbreaks is also a significant component that should be properly arranged. Most of the programs addressing this issue do not equally assess the extent to which these outbreaks can damage the economy and social welfare of the country. Therefore, the government and the Department of Homeland Security should introduce greater efforts to improve the situation (DeWaal and Barlow, 2004). In addition, Domestic food production is closely connected with agricultural sector and, therefore, it should be carefully monitored by the National Strategy initiative. Control of planting and supply of pesticide and other substances are enhanced to prevent the spread of biological weapon. References Department o f Homeland Security. (2010). Quadrennial homeland security review report: A strategic framework for a secure homeland (Sections I-IV, pp. 1-36). Web. DeWaal, C.S. and Barlow, K. (2004). Outbreak Alert! Closing the gaps in our federal food-safety net. Web. Kamien, D. G. (2005a). Civil Aviation in the United States: Security Before and After 9/11. In D. G. Kamien The McGraw-Hill Handbook of Homeland Security. US: McGraw-Hill Companies. pp. 613-630. Kamien, D. G. (2005b). The McGraw-Hill Handbook of Homeland Security. US: McGraw-Hill Companies. Michel-Kerjan, E. (2003). New challenges in critical Infrastructures: A US perspective. Journal of Contingencies Crisis Management, 11(3), 132-141. Moteff, J. (2010). Critical infrastructures: Background, policy and implementation. Congressional Research Service, 1-31. Web. The White House (2003). The National Strategy for the Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets. US: Washington. 1-96. U.S. Department of Homeland Secur ity. (2009). National infrastructure protection plan. Web.

Plato, Descartes, and Freud's Take on Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Plato, Descartes, and Freud's Take on - Essay Example In an attempt to do just this, a well known philosopher by the name of, Plato, asked the question, â€Å"What is a good life for a human being?† This question carries with it the supposition that all humans have at least two of the same built in devices, reason and human nature. It also implies that these two devices steer people toward the same goal or purpose. It is philosophy that undertakes the study of discovering what this purpose is, by turning people away from mere appearance and toward reality. The ultimate goal of any philosopher is to uncover how the world looks objectively instead of subjectively, and from what truly is good instead of what just appears to be good. By the use of reason three theories have been developed by the world’s most prominent philosophers during their attempt to divide what is reality, and what is merely and illusion of reality. The first theory, The Divided Line Theory, was developed by Plato. The second theory, Method of Doubt, was created by Descartes. The final theory, Psychoanalysis, was developed by Freud. By taking an in-depth look into how each philosopher reasoned his conclusion and the similarities and differences each theory contains, one might develop a broad answer to one of philosophy’s most probing questions. Divided Line Theory To develop his, Divided Line Theory, Plato used the reasoning that human beings live in a world of visible and intelligible things. The visible world is made up of those things that surround humans. What they can feel, tough, taste and see. However, Plato states that the visible world is made up of uncertainty. The intelligible world on the other hand is made up of unchanging products of human reason; this would consist of anything arising from reason alone, such as mathematics, or abstract definitions. The intelligible world therefore is made up of eternal â€Å"forms† or in Greek â€Å"ideas† of things; the visible world, then, is the imperfect and c hanging manifestation in this world of these unchanging forms. An example would be the Form or Idea of a horse is intelligible, and applies to all horses. This form or idea never changes, even though each horse may vary wildly individually, the form of a horse would never change even if all horses across the world were to disappear. An individual horse, on the other hand, is a physical changing object that can easily case to be a horse. Plato therefore describes these two worlds as existing with a line between them; the intelligible world and the visible world. He says that in the intelligible world one can have knowledge and in the visible world one can have opinion. He then further divides each of the worlds in two. The visible world he divides into illusion which is made up of â€Å"shadows† paintings, poetry, etc. and beliefs which is made up of things that can change, such as an individual horse. The intelligible world is then divided into the sub-categories of reason, w hich is things such as mathematics, and intelligence, which is the understanding of the ultimate good. Plato’s theory differs from Descartes and Freud’s in that he doesn’t attempt to apply it in any way, it is a simple method of grouping aspects of the world to further uncover the ultimate truth. Method of Doubt Descartes Method of

Exam Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Exam - Research Paper Example This Company therefore works hand in hand with Health Insurance association of America. Due to this prestige and availability of finances, Apple employees have good health cover which guarantees quality services in the best medical firms in America and all over the world. Pensions are sums of money paid to an individual regularly in fixed terms after retirement. Retirement plans in United States collaborate with human resource of all companies to ensure that no employee retires without pension. Pensioners are guaranteed both defined benefit and defined contribution pensions. Apple offers pensioners other benefits apart from pension for instance Equity within United States, Fixed and timely income and foreign equity. Paid off times are hours designated for employees to use whenever need arises. These hours are used mostly for sick days, schedule time off and extended absence off. Paid off times are beneficial to operations of the company because they allow individuals overcome fatigue and stress reducing cases of last minute absence and make employees feel satisfied. After every sales increase Apple pays for employees’ holidays though at irregular basis to continue serving customers. Work from home is practice whereby individuals engage in economic activities of their companies while away from job place. This is mainly indulged by agents and senior employees who have required resources at their homes for instance reliable internet and telephones. Apple provides best work at home services because their technical customer advisors are based at their homes and they work for short times but earn good salary. The employee will be able to perform other duties. Flexible hours are periods that employee is scheduled for work but is free to adjust his or her own program to cover for transport, picking children, and child care for breast feeding mothers. Apple allows customers to work according to their schedule for instance one can come early and leave before time or come late and compensate for the lost time. Wellness programs are activities conducted to keep the employee’s bodies, mind and emotions healthy. Wellness programs are for instance motivation talks, drug abuse rehabilitation and weight loss programs. Apple has well equipped gym where employees are free to exercise after job or lunch time and has reduced health related costs. Question 3 A partner for public service is a non-profit organization whose main duty is to ensure employees work according to set standards. Its mission is to shape the way civil servants deal with government duties. Strategic planning is process of integrating current and future goals of an organization by using right process which leads to innovation. Strategies help in creating a nexus between human resource development policies and goals of the organization. Planning project teams are individuals chosen to spear head the formulation and implementation of projects. Team members need to understand viv idly the issues affecting their group for easy identification of solutions. Strong planning project is made by members who co-operate to avoid competition among them. Adequate communication is paramount to policy making since team members need to talk to clients especially in non-profit organization where team members go out to meet clients. Division of labor among

Argument paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Argument paper - Essay Example For example, we do not allow students to cheat in the exams or people to violate speed regulations just because they think it is a fun thing to do. There are laws which restrict such behavior which is considered moral relativism. Similarly, not donating to the needy can also be termed as moral relativism and must be discouraged. Another moral obligation which most people agree to is saving a drowning child. It does not matter whether the drowning child is related to us or is our responsibility at all. All that matters is that a human being is in distress and it is our moral duty to save him even at the cost of sacrificing our own comfort or belongings. We just cannot shy away from the responsibility by say that â€Å"he’s not my baby† or â€Å"I was not babysitting for him†. Similar is the case of donating a reasonable amount of money to the children who are striving to stay alive because of famine or hunger throughout the world. At this point it should be clearl y understood that it does not matter whether the children you are donating for are of the same country, religion or cast. Similar to saving the drowning child who could be an American, a non-Christian or even a migrant, what matters is that we have to help a human being in distress even it means sacrificing our own belongings. ... Comparable to this is an example of a person who does not choose to donate to the needy and therefore exercises the right to choose a wrong attitude. In fact, such people might not be in a proper moral condition to feel the situation in which the needy are. Suitable sympathetic feeling for the needy can be experienced only after appropriate reflection and research which would enable people to determine the extent of help they can and should extend. This would not only facilitate righteous self development but also enable individuals to live their lives as they deem fit. If a wealthy individual is enjoy sunbathing at luxurious beach hotels or balls at casinos while million others are in dire need of some part of his wealth then it is morally wrong for him to live his life as per his choice; saying â€Å"I have earned the money and I have a right to spend it as I please†. Some people also oppose the notion that it is our moral responsibility to help those in need by saying that although they have a responsibility towards those whom they have wronged, they do not have any responsibility towards those whom they have not wronged (Singer 28). This can be termed as an extreme view for the fact that if this argument is accepted as reasonable, no charity would work for the jobless, the disabled or the famine stricken people. This also entails that help to needy should also not be restricted in boundaries of one’s neighborhood, city or even country. Help should and must be extended to all without prejudice to boundaries in a manner that one is fulfilling a moral obligation. Some people feel that USA is already giving generously in terms of aid to underdeveloped nations, which is enough and there is no need to donate more

Portrayal Of Modern Women Media Essay

Portrayal Of Modern Women Media Essay Introduction Women may often be at a loss as to their real role in society is. A working mother may play dual roles which are conflicting, that of being a nurturing home-maker to her family, ensuring that the husband and children are well-taken care of while the house is kept spic and span and running smoothly. At the same time, she is a career woman who is expected to be driven, ambitious, hard-worker and committed to the success of the company she works for. On top of that, women are also expected to look their best to the outside world and be alluring sexual beings in the bedroom. Because of the many roles women play, they often seek advise from various sources. One source that they may find consistently reliable are womens magazines because these depict articles set in the modern times, and assumed to promote modern values. At a time when information is so much easier to acquire from various media sources including television, radio and the internet, concrete reading materials are still conveniently available and preferred by many readers (Stevens, Maclaran Catteral, 2007). It would be interesting to explore how contemporary magazines depict women and what priorities they should have in life. Although contemporary womens magazines such as Glamour and Cosmopolitan claim to empower modern women to be more assertive and independent in achieving gender equality, the message sent out from their content (emphasis on the importance of womens beauty and their success in relationships) seem to endorse traditional femininity ideologies, which put women in a role subservient to men in a patriarchal society. Since magazines may have a great influence on how women think, it is crucial to understand the subliminal and overt messages such media format feeds them. The research question that will be explored in this paper is: How are women portrayed in contemporary womens magazines and what messages are conveyed to them? The significance of finding answers to this question will provide enlightenment on how society views women, how women view themselves and how such views guide their value formation, attitude and behaviors. Theoretical Framework This paper is guided by the Sexual Script Theory by Gagnon Simon (1973) and the Objectification Theory by Frederickson Roberts (1997). Scripting theory is premised on the concept that individuals have subjective understandings that determine their choices and qualitative experiences. Sexual Script Theory, specifically focus on the subjective understanding of a person about his or her sexuality that determine his or her sexual actions and experiences related to sex. Scripts are cognitive devices used to guide people in their behaviors. Sometimes, such behaviors are self-fulfilling prophecies to support the scripts upheld by the person. For example, if ones sexual script is to be desirable in order to be liked as a person, then that individual will exert all efforts to look attractive and behave in a seductive manner. Similarly, and to more specifically illustrate the Sexual Scripting theory, the Objectification theory explains how females internalize an observers view to be the prim ary view of her physical self. This means that if a woman gets accustomed to being seen as an object of desire, she becomes socialized to treat herself as such and behaves accordingly (Frederickson Roberts, 1997). Vulnerable to judgment of society, women vigilantly monitor themselves with the knowledge that being positively viewed by others means more opportunities. Studies have shown that how a womans body appears to others can determine her life experiences. Physical attractiveness seem to matter more to females than to males. Women deemed unattractive by their co workers are described more negatively and given less regard than comparatively unattractive men (Bar-Tar Saxe, 1976; Cash, Gillen Burns, 1977; Wallston OLeary, 1981). Physical attractiveness is more highly correlated with popularity, dating experience and marriage opportunities for women than for men (Berscheid, Dion, Walster Walster, 1971; Margolin White, 1987) With regards to the research question at hand, Sexual Scripting Theory and Objectification Theory are appropriate to analyze how magazines portray women because it is assumed that the advertisements and articles of contemporary womens magazines seem to influence women with the idea that they need to use their sexual attractiveness to advance their state. Literature Review Womens magazines enjoy a wide readership for various reasons. Aside from escapism (Geraghty, 1997, 1998) from the daily grind, readers may be hooked on them as they provide temporary solutions to social and personal conflicts (McMahon, 1990). Women find an array of interesting topics in womens magazines. Stevens, Maclaran Catrall (2007) compare different kinds of womens magazines and find that in general, there are magazines that primarily offer fashion and fitness advice (e.g. Vogue, InStyle, Self, Shape); magazines geared toward an older adult female audience (Womans World, womans Day, Good Housekeeping); teen-focused contemporary womens magazines (Seventeen, Teen, YM); and adult-focused contemporary womens magazines (Cosmopolitan, Glamour, Marie Claire, Cleo). In terms of content, contemporary womens magazines are known to uphold traditional femininity ideologies perpetuating ones looks as the measure to judge a womans worth. These magazines likewise encourage women to subordinat e their own interests so they can preserve their relationships with others (Ferguson, 1983; McCracken, 1993; McRobbie, 2000; Peirce, 1993; Sonnet Whelehan, 1995). Duffy Gotcher (1996) also found that 78% of magazine covers highlighted body appearance and over 60% advertised diets, exercise or cosmetic surgery. Aside from these topics, magazines also addressed issues about establishing and maintaining heterosexual dating relationships and somehow put across the message to young women that it should be a priority in their lives, overshadowing their education, careers or participation in social and community service, athletics or politics (Duffy Gotcher, 1996; Evans et al, 1991). More liberated magazines offer explicit sexual advice to women to keep their men happy. Over the past three decades, contemporary womens magazines have significantly increased their sexual content, offering frank advice about sex and relationships (Kim Ward, 2004). The message it sends across is prizing sexually assertive women. Thus, it gives the readers instructions on aggressive ways to attract men and to be able to fulfill their own sexual desires (Durham, 1996). However, Menard Kleinplatz (2008) comment that in the magazines, although there is a strong emphasis for female readers to be sexually active and be in the service of men (Durham, 1996), they are cautioned not to be too overtly sexual. They are encouraged to dress and interact with men in a way that promotes sexual desirability but are discouraged from showing desire themselves (Durham 1996, 1998; Garner et al. 1998). These magazines, then, can be seen as part of a cultural apparatus that purports to assist women to be heterosexually attractive, to be coy, alluring, sexy, and flirtatious, in order to find true love and to catch a man, and then to maintain his interest (Overall, 1999, p. 298). On the other hand, mens sexuality is promoted to be aggressive, animalistic, insatiable, urgent and uncontrollable (Firminger 2006; Garner et al. 1998; Ward 2003). Cosmopolitan magazine is known for being racy, intended for the fun, fearless female (Streitmatter, 2004). Sexual agency and desire is highly promoted to young women. Likewise, the stereotypical male sexual role is described as being primarily sexual and out of control. In Cosmopolitan, much of womens sexual agency and aggressiveness happens within the context of a relationship (Durham, 1996). Walsh-Childers et al. (2002) commented that in some adult-focused magazines, sex is presented as a fun, casual and risk-free activity. A noticeable lack of emphasis on sexual health, contraceptives and STD prevention is observed (Kim Ward, 2004). The promotion of sex as something to keep a man interested in a woman and make him stay in the relationship has been observed as a prevailing theme of some womens magazines. Farvid Braun (2006) contend that the ability of a woman to perform great sex not only fulfills her mans sexual needs but also her own relational needs as well. Since a man is portrayed to want great sex and encounter it with a woman who enjoys it as much, then it would leave a lasting impression that makes the man crave for the woman more. The message conveyed from this, though, is that a memorable sexual performance of a woman is depicted as more important than her personality in terms of keeping a man interested. Farvid Braun (2006) note another message that may be taken from magazine articles about sex. While men can enjoy sex anytime they want, women need to exert more effort in pleasing them as a way of besting other women that their men have had sex with before, or with potential sex partners. This implie s that sex is used as a deterrent against infidelity. Indirectly, it also says that since men have strong sexual drives, that they are potential cheaters (Farvid Braun, 2006). That is why women should gain expertise in the sexual pleasing of their men so that they will not find a need to stray. On the other hand, women are not characterized as having strong sex drives and if they cheat, it is pictured in more severe ways, within more elaborate and negative scenarios. Womens infidelity is more condemnable and less forgivable than mens infidelity. Blame is assigned to the woman and is not likely caused by sexual or relational shortcomings of the partner she cheated. Another gender difference in infidelity is that women are seen as victims of their male partners cheating, but men are seen as seekers of revenge for being cheated on by a female partner (Farvid Braun, 2006). Cheating is still considered always wrong despite the seemingly loose morals propagated in the magazines and mono gamous heterosexual relationships are promoted as central to the identity and well-being of women (Farvid Braun, 2006). Ideologies conveyed by contemporary womens magazines are considered manipulative in the sense that the messages projected regarding the nature of femininity points to legitimizing and naturalizing patriarchal domination (Gough-Yates, 2003). Being limited in scope, primarily about beauty, fashion and advise on getting a man, it communicates to its readers the idea that a man is the main route to a womans happiness and that if women are good enough, the right man will come along and sweep them off their feet-ideally into wedded bliss (Gauntlett, 2002, p. 190). When women are regularly bombarded with this idea, eventually, they adopt such ideology in their lives even without consciously considering the implications such as finding their own fulfillment in their own strengths as women are not regarded as priorities in these magazines. They would develop tendencies to search for and depend on men as their source of happiness and fulfillment. Another perspective is that womens magazines distribute a cult of femininity (Ferguson, 1983, p. 5), advocating ways to be more feminine and promoting a particular ideology catering to patriarchal norms. McCracken (1993) commented that women discover that their inadequacies are sustained by the fear of lacking beauty, fashion sense and self-confidence when they read glossy womens magazines. Womens bodies have been used to sell several advertised products. Walsh-Childers (1996) observed that photos of women in advertising usually focused the readers eye on womens body parts such as the breasts. Soley and Kurzbad (1986) also observed that more and more sexual content became manifest since the mid-1980s as female nudity and erotic content became commonplace in contemporary U.S. advertising. Ms. Magazine published advertisements that increasingly portrayed women as sex objects in its first 15 years of publication. After it no longer ran such ads, Ms. Magazine upheld a position that explicitly embraced feminist orientation and spurned advertisements which were insulting to women. Ms. magazine established itself as an institutional prototype for the appropriate conduct of advertising to women (Ferguson et al., 1990, p. 41). Still, with this supposed precedent of championing for women in advertising, there persist ads depicting women as sex objects (Krassas, Blaukamp Wesselin k, 2001). Krassas, Blaukamp Wesselink (2001) conclude that womens magazines communicate a paradoxical perspective of female sexuality in that women are encouraged to shed their traditional roles and become more independent while they are pressured to find and sexually satisfy a man. Womens bodies are considered commodities and their independence allows them to use such commodities to their advantage and to maximize their market value (Goldman, Heath Smith, 1991). Krassas, Blaukamp Wesselink (2001) also note that Cosmopolitan magazine may be the first to recognize women as sexual, at the same time, they are primarily sexual objects whose desire is fulfilled by allowing themselves to be treated as commodities that are sexually available to men and designed to attract men. Methods The choice of studying Cosmopolitan magazine was determined by it being the top-selling womens magazine in the world (Worlds Longest-running and Most Popular Periodicals, 2009). Having 58 international editions and translated into 34 languages, the magazine is distributed in more than a hundred countries. With this position comes the power to reach such a wide readership. Data Gathering The researcher will be reading and taking notes from 3 issues of Cosmopolitan Magazine, specifically the June, July and August 2010 issues which are the ones available to the researcher. Researcher will note down the titles as well as the content of each article as well as the advertisements promoted by the magazine. White and Marsh (2006) contend that a good coding scheme has categories or levels that are exhaustive, that is, all relevant aspects of the construct are represented (p. 32). For this study, categories or themes of articles in the magazines will serve as codes such as articles with sexual content, relationships or body issues. To determine the amount of the content per category or theme in each magazine issue, the percentage of content will be computed by counting all the titles (for cover page) and articles (including sidebars) written for the issue and getting the percentage of the content listed in each category against the total content of each issue for both cover page and inside articles. Analysis Discussion According to White Marsh (2006), after coding, data should be summarized so that they could be understood easily and are applicable to the hypotheses or research questions. Then, the researcher relates the data to other situations or studies so findings are put into perspective. In this case, the data shall be related to information in the review of literature that is most relevant to it. Results The dominance of the category of sexual content in the cover pages of the magazines obviously used sex as a selling point. These titles were made to catch the attention of potential buyers who include women in need of advise to boost their sex lives as well as men who may be curious as to what the articles reveal. Titles such as 75 Sex Tips From Guys: Sizzling, Sinful and Surprising Things Theyre Craving Now (June 2010 issue); 99 New Sex Facts: Every Forbidden, Fascinating Detail You Want To Know.. and only Cosmo will tell you (July 2010 issue) and Naughty, Naughty Sex Poll: Its Official: We Got 2,000 Men to Reveal, Do this not That in bed (August 2010) practically scream for attention as it is given the boldest print. Also, words such as Sex, Sexy and Hot jump out of the page as they are highlighted in the cover that eyes will automatically be drawn to the bright and bold titles. Other categories of content fought for attention with catchy titles such as Look So Sexy (June 2010), Th e Sexy Secrets to Making Smart Decisions (July 2010) and Together Forever? How to Still Flirt With Him (August 2010). Even with these titles, a hint of sex is still present. The thick issues of the magazine are filled with crisp, glossy pages, rich with various content. However, the volume of sexual content promised in the inside pages may disappoint readers, as the percentages do not hold in the articles printed within the issues. The articles spread into more than one page, so in terms of quality, the anticipated richness of sexual content was justified. The articles were graphic in language and mostly instructional such as giving actual directions on how to achieve better orgasms or identifying highly sensitive body spots that provide the most pleasure. It would not be difficult to imagine what the authors were referring to because the articles were replete with real-life examples. Readers would learn that the recommended sexual techniques would be very pleasurable, and may want to try it out themselves. Mostly, the articles taught readers how to please men in bed. This is consistent with the contentions of Farvid Braun that women should learn to be great in bed in order to keep their men fulfilled and content with just having them. The content category on Fashion and Beauty dominated the inside pages of the magazines. It showcased the latest trends and products, as worn and used by popular celebrities. Clearly, the magazine has become a marketing tool for the fashion and beauty products, luring women readers to buy them for themselves so they will also be considered hot, cool, trendy or hip supposedly descriptions of women who are fashionable and sophisticated. Aside from being viewed as a marketing tool, the magazines emphasis on women being fashionable and beautiful sells an ideology that that is how women should be in order to feel fulfilled as a person and to be able to attract men. The advertisers of the magazine prey on womens insecurities and their intense need to be accepted, admired and loved. Using very attractive models does not only create more insecurity about readers looks but also a more passionate desire to achieve the models look by purchasing the cosmetics she used to look that attractive. Discussion and Conclusion The theories and scholarly observations in the literature review seem to be consistent with what is actually published in womens magazines. Sexual scripting of women being objects of desire as well as sex objects playing the stereotype of existing for the pleasure of men reverberate in the magazines even if these took pride in empowering women to be fun, fearless females. However, it admits that women have sexual needs themselves that they should not be ashamed to fulfill. The Objectification theory is validated by the advertisements and articles of women wanting to look good for their men so that they will not be replaced by younger, sexier and more beautiful women. The 3 magazine issues reviewed do not totally reflect Durhams (1996, 1998) and Garner et al.s (1998) comment that women are encouraged to dress and interact with men that promotes their sexual desirability but are discouraged from showing desire themselves. Women being overtly sexual towards men is actually supported in the issues studied. This is because the authors have done thorough research on what men really want in sex, and one finding is that they are aroused by women making sexual advances towards them. The articles in the magazine merely report what men want to inform women on what to do to please them. It is apparent that male ego is supposed to be massaged and nurtured by women, living in a patriarchal society. Both Sexual scripting and Objectification theories are thus proven i n this case. The portrayal of women in the magazines (article pictures and advertisements) reflects women as eye-candy or a prize to be won by the most deserving man. The photographs show mostly Caucasian women gazing into the camera, and giving the image that they are communicating with the readers with their eyes or smile to buy whatever product, idea or ideology they are selling. The use of very attractive models instills in readers an ideal of beauty to emulate. Such beauty is enhanced by cosmetics and fashionable clothes and shoes. Although known for covering much ground on sex, it was initially surprising that the percentage of titles of sex-related articles was not as high as expected. However, upon further scrutiny, the articles were replete with detail and length. The magazine was also found by this study to cover topics about men, relationships and self-improvement. Readers who may be constrained in seeking information about these topics elsewhere may find comfort in the fact that Cosmopolitan provides honest advise in the viewpoint of experts of the topics. For instance, many topics on men were discussed by men themselves! Cosmopolitan has its own formula for success. Being known for a magazine that unashamedly promotes sex for unmarried women, it titillates the curiosity of most women, even those who pride themselves of upholding the strictest of morals. Cosmopolitan cover pages use the most popular and attractive woman whom the world adores for the moment. Add to this celebrity cover girl, catchy titles of articles, mostly racy and intriguing, and the magazine sells well. Being sold is the first step in spreading the ideologies constructed in the magazine and conveying it to its readers. Being the best-selling womens magazine in the world, it is presumed that Cosmopolitan magazine has already been successful in imbedding to its millions of readers the ideologies it wants to convey.

oTHELLO :: essays research papers

Othello Essay In Shakespeare’s â€Å"Othello†, the role of women is deeply emphasized; the significant characters of the play Othello, Iago, and Casio, each have a lady that stands behind him. These women each have commitment to remain faithful and respect their husband's needs, especially Desdemona and Emilia. Desdemona is the victim of this play; Shakespeare portrays her as the loyal wife even up to her death. Throughout the story, Desdemona appears to live for her husband. Desdemona's one goal in life is to please her husband. Emilia represents another aspect of female strength, less logical character, which relies on her sense of instinct. She understands her role as a wife (act 4, scene 3) Emilia is talking to Desdemona about husbands. " Yet we have some revenge. Let husbands know Their wives have sense like them. They see, and smell, and have their palates both for sweet and sour, As husbands have. What is it they do When they change us for others? Is it sport? I think it is. And doth affection breed it? I think it doth. Is't fraility that thus errs? It is so too. And have not we affections, Desires for sport, and frailty, as men have?"(page 217 line 104-113). Emilia and her husband Iago have different affiliation than Desdemona and Othello. Desdemona and Othello truly love each other, while Emilia, having no common sense of hatred towards Othello, has never actually loved Iago. She educate Desdemona, she is ignorant of Iago's evil nature and is also unsuspecting of his plot against Othello. Bianca appears to have a very insignificant role in the play, yet she as a major role in the death of Desdemona. Bianca’s relationship with Cassio, seems as though Bianca really wanted to have a relationship with him, (scene 3, act 4).

Postmodern Philosophy Essay

Postmodern philosophy is a means through which people’s ways of reasoning are evaluated and analyzed. It seeks to explain why everyone has a different opinion towards things that they come across or face in life. A current post modern belief is that a correct description of reality is impossible and in order to enable others to understand the way you perceive or prefer certain things, you need to interpret them. Post modern philosophy can be reflected in the way we live our lives and at our places of work. An example in my own life is the way I would convince people about how something is good so that even if they are not interested, eventually they would give in and in the end I w will be happy. And according to (Weis, 2003 P. 161) this is Persuasion through self interest which is created by developing a trust since I have the best interests of the other person at heart. I may tell a friend that we should take a certain class during that semester because I know he/she is focused and would make a good study partner even though that class does not really interest him/her. This does not mean I do not want him/her to focus on what interests them I know we will be helping each other out and maybe next time they will be the ones convincing me. In an organization, it can be seen when a company wants to become a better competitor as said by (Kotter,1996) that in order to be successful now and in the future, we need to empower others to act and create wins while consolidating gains. In order to promote team work at the office, a company may decide that in its’ engagement in social corporate responsibilities it will take it’s staff to work at the remote parts of the country where the is a school for the orphans and they will have to forego things like internet, family time and nice joints to hung out. In such a situation, the workmates will have to work together to help the children, listen to different opinions all this to enhance their bonding which is vital in their work ; This is what (Ritti & Levy, 2002) call creating positive outcomes through negative reinforcement. References Kotter J. P. (1996). Leading Change. Published by Harvard Business Press Ritti R. R. & Levy. S. (2002)The Ropes to Skip and the Ropes to Know: Studies in Organizational Behavior. Published by Wiley Weiss. A. (2003) Organizational Consulting: How to be an Effective Internal Change Agent. John Wiley and Sons

Free Essays on Gang Behavior

On of the most commonly seen sociological problems in our communities today are gangs. What exactly does the word gang mean, well one way of defining the word gang is a group of individuals who share a common identity in current usage and engage in illegal activities. (1) These gangs have affected the way we live in one way or another. They have taken over our neighborhoods and school and instilled fear in people. The behavior of gangs and what makes kids as well as adult’s turn to them have interested many professionals in the Sociological field. Below we will take a look at some of the behavioral factors as to why, what, and who would fall into becoming a member of a gang. Many of us may wonder, who would choose to be in a gang rather then living a normal life without the stresses of gang life. Well according to the Tennessee Sheriff’s Department any person with the following behavioral issues would have the tendency of falling into gang life. A person that has low self-esteem and feels unloved at home. They tend to have problems in school and don’t do to well with schoolwork. They have a hard time difficult time making decisions on their own and communicating with others. They also tend to come from single parent homes. Although most are boys and 10% are girls the number continues to increase. (3) This profile of the type of individual that would most likely join a gang tends to hold true in other states as well with certain exceptions. Another question that has come up according to gangs is why. Why would some individuals choose to join a gang? Although people that join gangs come from all types of backgrounds, some are from rich homes, but our most serious gangs tend to have members that come from impoverished sections of major cities. (2) Some of the many reasons that individuals choose to join gangs are to gain some self-esteem and status. Could happen to be that kid that got picked on in school and didn’t... Free Essays on Gang Behavior Free Essays on Gang Behavior On of the most commonly seen sociological problems in our communities today are gangs. What exactly does the word gang mean, well one way of defining the word gang is a group of individuals who share a common identity in current usage and engage in illegal activities. (1) These gangs have affected the way we live in one way or another. They have taken over our neighborhoods and school and instilled fear in people. The behavior of gangs and what makes kids as well as adult’s turn to them have interested many professionals in the Sociological field. Below we will take a look at some of the behavioral factors as to why, what, and who would fall into becoming a member of a gang. Many of us may wonder, who would choose to be in a gang rather then living a normal life without the stresses of gang life. Well according to the Tennessee Sheriff’s Department any person with the following behavioral issues would have the tendency of falling into gang life. A person that has low self-esteem and feels unloved at home. They tend to have problems in school and don’t do to well with schoolwork. They have a hard time difficult time making decisions on their own and communicating with others. They also tend to come from single parent homes. Although most are boys and 10% are girls the number continues to increase. (3) This profile of the type of individual that would most likely join a gang tends to hold true in other states as well with certain exceptions. Another question that has come up according to gangs is why. Why would some individuals choose to join a gang? Although people that join gangs come from all types of backgrounds, some are from rich homes, but our most serious gangs tend to have members that come from impoverished sections of major cities. (2) Some of the many reasons that individuals choose to join gangs are to gain some self-esteem and status. Could happen to be that kid that got picked on in school and didn’t...

Jury-rigged vs. Jerry-rigged

Jury-rigged vs. Jerry-rigged Jury-rigged vs. Jerry-rigged Jury-rigged vs. Jerry-rigged By Maeve Maddox A reader asks to know the difference between jury-rigged and jerry-rigged. Of the two, the older term is jury-rigged, a nautical term dating from the days of sail. Because they were often damaged in storms, sailing ships carried a spare mast called the jury-mast. Apart from scholarly speculation, the etymology of jury in this context is unknown. The jury-mast was like a spare tire, to be used only in an emergency and replaced by the real thing as soon as possible. The adjective jury-rigged came to be applied to anything intended to be of temporary use. Here are some examples of the term in current usage: Andrew Gill, had coolly waited for the weather to calm down after his vessel lost its mast and communications equipment in rough weather, and then jury-rigged a sail to get him to his destination.- SailWorld, 2012 Despite great hardship caused by limited power, loss of cabin heat, shortage of potable water, and the critical need to  jury-rig  the carbon dioxide removal system, the crew returned safely to  Earth  on April 17.- Princeton University site. A second expression that is earlier than jerry-rigged is jerry-built. As with the jury in jury-rigged, the origin of the jerry in jerry-built remains a mystery. First (1881) came the term jerry-builder: It is unfortunately too often the habit of builders- or rather jerry builders- to use the worst possible description of bricks. A jerry-builder was a contractor who put up shoddy houses for a quick sale. The first citation for the adjective jerry-built to describe shoddily built houses is dated 1869. Here are two recent examples of the use of jerry-built: In their need for access to varied sources of employment and cheap housing, immigrants were restricted to decaying or jerry-built housing.- The American Landscape, Stephen F. Mills, Routledge, 2013   Central to nearly all the semi-abstract paintings in â€Å"With a Tug and a Hold† are what appear to be architectural structures, or fragments of the built environment: a jerry-built wood shack here, a bit of metal scaffolding there.- The Washington Post, 2012. â€Å"Jerry-rigged† conflates â€Å"jury-rigged† with â€Å"jerry-built.† In American usage, jerry-rigged refers to something devised or repaired with materials at hand. Here are some examples: Our presentation was jerry-rigged because we hadn’t been able to get the software to work correctly in time.- The Accidental Millionaire, Gary Fong, BenBella Books, 2009. With the Afghan army also lagging in explosives experts, its members often resort to jerry-rigged tactics to locate and defuse IEDs, officials say.- The Washington Post, 2014 It was the very definition of jerry-rigged: She’d cut some slits in the back of a gel skin phone cover that would serve as credit card slots, taped a piece of cardboard on as a makeshift cover, and added a string to form a wristlet.- Huffington Post, 2014 Frustratingly, in this case, my attempt to use my iPad as a jerry-rigged solution has actually  created  problems I didn’t have before.  - MIT Technology Review, 2012. Although not in either the OED or Merriam-Webster, the verb to Macgyver is used with a similar meaning by some speakers: to Macgyver: to invent useful devices from ordinary materials. A device or mechanical solution created by Macgyvering is a Macgyverism. The words derive from the name of Angus MacGyver, a television character noted for his ability to resolve dangerous problems by non-violent means. Instead of a gun, this hero carries duct tape and a Swiss Army knife. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Slang Terms for Money35 Genres and Other Varieties of Fiction30 Words for Small Amounts